In wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs), due to the dynamic underground channelcharacteristics and the heterogeneous network architecture, the connectivity analysis is much morecomplicated than in the terrestrial wireless sensor networks and ad hoc networks, which was notaddressed before, to our knowledge. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to analyze thedynamic connectivity in WUSNs, which captures the effects of environmental parameters such as thesoil composition and the random soil moisture, and system parameters such as the operating frequency,the sensor burial depth, the sink antenna height, the density of the sensor and sink devices, the tolerablelatency of the networks, and the number and the mobility of the above-ground sinks. The lower andupper bounds of the connectivity probability are derived to analytically provide principles and guidelinesfor the design and deployment of WUSNs in various environmental conditions.
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